Developing Tools and Techniques to Increase Communication Effectiveness

The Public Affairs Office (PAO) of the Johnson Space Center (JSC) is responsible for communicating current JSC Space Program activities as well as goals and objectives to the American Public. As part of the 1996 Strategic Communications Plan, a review of PAO' s current communication procedures was conducted. The 1996 Summer Faculty Fellow performed research activities to support this effort by reviewing current research concerning NASA/JSC's customers' perceptions and interests, developing communications tools which enable PAO to more effectively inform JSC customers about the Space Program, and proposing a process for developing and using consistent messages throughout PAO. Note that this research does not attempt to change or influence customer perceptions or interests but, instead, incorporates current customer interests into PAO's communication process

Contrarian Technical Trading Rules: Evidence From Nairobi Stock Index

We apply several popular technical trading rules in the normal way and a contrarian way to daily data of the Nairobi Stock Index from 9/12/2006 to 4/18/2013. The contrarian usage of popular technical trading rules implies that when a technical trading indicator emits buy (sell) signals, we do the opposite and sell (buy) the index. Results from the study support the predictive power of contrarian technical trading rules. We also investigate whether a trader can use the predictive power of contrarian technical rules to beat the profitability of the buy-and-hold strategy considering both transaction costs and risk. Designing four strategies of various contrarian trading rules, we conclude that it is possible to beat the buy-and-hold strategy even considering transaction costs and risk

Development and preliminary reliability testing of an assessment of patient independence in performing a treatment program: Standardized scenarios

BACKGROUND: Physical therapists often assess patient independence through observation, however it is not known if therapists make these judgments reliably. We have developed a standardized method to assess a patient’s ability to perform his or her treatment program independently. OBJECTIVES: To develop a standardized assessment of patient independence in performance of a treatment program and examine the intra- and inter-rater reliability decisions made by two physical therapists. DESIGN: Test-retest. METHODS: An assessment of patient independence in performance was developed. Standardized patient scenarios were used to assess the intra- and inter-tester reliability of two physical therapists. Percentage of agreement (%) and kappa’s coefficient (k and k(w)) indexed rater reliability. RESULTS: Intra-rater reliability of Therapist 1 was as follows: knowledge: %=95, k=.90; performance: %=95, k(w)=.82. Intra-rater reliability of Therapist 2 was as follows: knowledge: %=85, k=.68; performance: %=94, k(w)=.80. Inter-rater reliability for knowledge was %=91 and k=.79 and for performance was %=91 and k(w)=.72. CONCLUSION: Trained therapists displayed substantial to excellent intra-rater reliability and substantial inter-rater reliability in assessing a patient’s independence in a treatment program

Sightings Records of Hawksbills in a Marine Protected Area of Honduras

The Protective Turtle Ecology Center for Training, Outreach, and Research, Inc. (ProTECTOR) works to increase the conservation of, and research on sea turtles in the country of Honduras. Efforts were made this summer to record the sightings of sea turtles in Roatán, specifically in the area of West End and the Roatán Marine Park (RMP). We worked in tandem with 13 dive shops in West End from June 9 – August 8, 2014 to collect dive sightings data. We prepared turtle sighting record sheets that prompted observers to record their name, the dive site and depth of each turtle sighting, along with the specific species spotted, and whether the turtle was a juvenile or adult. We also gave divers training on how to differentiate between species and between adult and juvenile turtles. The data collection sheet provided representative artwork detailing differences in shell shape and color, as well as head scute patterns among the three species (hawksbills, loggerheads, and greens) likely to be sighted in the area. We collected sighting records from 5 dive shops on Mondays and Thursdays, 4 dives shops on Tuesdays and Fridays, and 2 dive shops once weekly, due to low diving frequency. Approximately 720 turtle sightings were recorded in the two months of data collection ranging from a maximum of 80 turtles observed at one site to minimum of 1 turtle observed at one site. The majority of turtle sightings were recorded at Overheat Reef, Bikini Bottom, and Half Moon Bay Wall with 80, 59, and 41 turtle sightings recorded, respectively, over the two month span in which we collected dive sightings from the shops. When compared to sighting records of the previous year, ArcGIS mapping showed a significant increase in the number of dive sites with turtle sightings and a subsequent increase in sightings at the same dive sites. The amount of dive sites where turtles were spotted increased from 20 dive sites in the previous year to 51 dive sites in 2014. Taken together, the data suggests an increase in turtles present in the off shore areas of West End between 2013 and 2014

Photo Recognition for In-water Identification of Hawksbills in a Marine Protected Area of Honduras

The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. As with other sea turtles species, hawksbills have a cluster of scales on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head that form unique scale patterns. Following a previous study using Interactive Individual Identification System (I3S) Spot, we used the Pattern version of I3S to compare and identify in-water photographs of turtles within the Roatán Marine Park (RMP) on the western end of Roatán, Honduras from May to September, 2014. The Pattern program is designed to annotate individual ‘fingerprints’ for species with complex markings by identifying key points and assigning a descriptor area around each point using the Open Source Computer Vision (CV) implementation of Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). Points and areas are delineated within a user specified polygon using an automatic key point extraction algorithm. The ‘fingerprint’ on one photograph is then compared to ‘fingerprints’ on other photographs in the database and potential individual matches are selected, thus reducing the number of photographs that require review by manual comparison. Through daily underwater dives, we photographed turtles on 78 occasions and created a database of 182 photographs. New photographs were then cross referenced with photographs in the I3S photo database to determine whether turtles had been previously encountered. We visibly assessed potential matches for similarities and successfully identified 68 different hawksbill individuals. Nine individuals were re-identified from pictures on later dives and one individual was re-identified twice. I3S Pattern failed to recognize actual matches (false negatives) four times (40%), and identified two (20%) false positives. However, these false matches may have been dependent on the quality of the photographs used. We were unable to use I3S Pattern to match any dorsally oriented photographs and recommend that future studies use I3S Spot, rather than the current version of I3S Pattern, to match photographs taken of the dorsal view of the head. The I3S Pattern program successfully aided our research by facilitating accurate counts of hawksbill sea turtles re-sighted in the RMP over the period of the study. Automated photo identification can help provide long-term data on turtle migrations, movements, and life-history stages, and can thus be a valuable tool for conservation of marine turtles

Effects of rigid and non-rigid image registration on test-retest variability of quantitative [18F]FDG PET/CT studies

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a valuable tool for monitoring response to therapy in oncology. In longitudinal studies, however, patients are not scanned in exactly the same position. Rigid and non-rigid image registration can be applied in order to reuse baseline volumes of interest (VOI) on consecutive studies of the same patient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of various image registration strategies on standardized uptake value (SUV) and metabolic volume test-retest variability (TRT). METHODS: Test-retest whole-body [18F]FDG PET/CT scans were collected retrospectively for 11 subjects with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies (colorectal carcinoma). Rigid and non-rigid image registration techniques with various degrees of locality were applied to PET, CT, and non-attenuation corrected PET (NAC) data. VOI were drawn independently on both test and retest scans. VOI drawn on test scans were projected onto retest scans and the overlap between projected VOI and manually drawn retest VOI was quantified using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). In addition, absolute (unsigned) differences in TRT of SUVmax, SUVmean, metabolic volume and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated in on one hand the test VOI and on the other hand the retest VOI and projected VOI. Reference values were obtained by delineating VOIs on both scans separately. RESULTS: Non-rigid PET registration showed the best performance (median DSC: 0.82, other methods: 0.71-0.81). Compared with the reference, none of the registration types showed significant absolute differences in TRT of SUVmax, SUVmean and TLG (p > 0.05). Only for absolute TRT of metabolic volume, significant lower values (p < 0.05) were observed for all registration strategies when compared to delineating VOIs separately, except for non-rigid PET registrations (p = 0.1). Non-rigid PET registration provided good volume TRT (7.7%) that was smaller than the reference (16%). CONCLUSION: In particular, non-rigid PET image registration showed good performance similar to delineating VOI on both scans separately, and with smaller TRT in metabolic volume estimates.van Velden F.H.P., van Beers P., Nuyts J., Velasquez L.M., Hayes W., Lammertsma A.A., Boellaard R., Loeckx D., ''Effects of rigid and non-rigid image registration on test-retest variability of quantitative [18F]FDG PET/CT studies'', EJNMMI research, vol. 2, no. 10, 2012.status: publishe

Eccentric and concentric muscle performance following 7 days of simulated weightlessness

Changes in skeletal muscle strength occur in response to chronic disuse or insufficient functional loading. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in muscle performance of the lower extremity and torso prior to and immediately after 7 days of simulated weightlessness (horizontal bed rest). A Biodex was used to determine concentric and eccentric peak torque and angle at peak torque for the back, abdomen, quadriceps, hamstring, soleus, and tibialis anterior. A reference angle of 0 degrees was set at full extension. Data were analyzed by ANOVA

Exploring how parents make sense of change in parent-child psychotherapy

Background: Understanding how change occurs in psychotherapy is imperative in informing clinical practice. Increasing attention has been given to the role that qualitative research could play in enhancing our understanding of therapeutic change. Although quantitative research suggests that parent-child psychotherapy is effective in facilitating change, no research to date has focused on how parents make sense of their change experience. Methods: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews of eight parents who had completed parent-child psychotherapy about their understanding of change. Results: Five master themes emerged which encapsulated participant’s understanding of change. These included constructing a survivor narrative, the experience of being understood enabling further understanding, adjusting expectations and practising acceptance and feeling empowered to relinquish control. The final theme summarised how despite psychotherapy being conceptualised as a ‘precious’ resource, there was a sense that its limitations could negatively impact participant’s wellbeing. Conclusions: Meaningful elements of change were identified from the parents’ experience. Findings were discussed in relation to previous research and limitations were examined. Implications for future research included using other qualitative methods to explore client experience. Implications for practice were noted, including enriched understanding of client change experience enabling therapists to provide a more attuned therapy

Anticipated regret to increase uptake of colorectal cancer screening (ARTICS):a randomised controlled trial

Objective. Screening is key to early detection of colorectal cancer. Our aim was to determine whether a simple anticipated regret (AR) intervention could increase colorectal cancer screening uptake. Methods. We conducted a randomised controlled trial of a simple, questionnaire-based AR intervention, delivered alongside existing pre-notification letters. 60,000 adults aged 50-74 from the Scottish National Screening programme were randomised to: 1) no questionnaire (control), 2) Health Locus of Control questionnaire (HLOC) or 3) HLOC plus anticipated regret questionnaire (AR). Primary outcome was guaiac Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) return. Secondary outcomes included intention to return test kit and perceived disgust (ICK). Results. 59,366 people were analysed as allocated (Intentionto- treat (ITT)); there were no overall differences between treatment groups on FOBT uptake (control: 57.3%, HLOC: 56.9%, AR: 57.4%). 13,645 (34.2%) people returned questionnaires. Analysis of the secondary questionnaire measures showed that AR had an indirect effect on FOBT uptake via intention, whilst ICK had a direct effect on FOBT uptake over and above intention. The effect of AR on FOBT uptake was also moderated by intention strength: for less than strong intenders only, uptake was 4.2% higher in the AR (84.6%) versus the HLOC group (80.4%) (95% CI for difference (2.0, 6.5)). Conclusion. The findings show that psychological concepts including anticipated regret and perceived disgust (ICK) are important factors in determining FOBT uptake. However, there was no simple effect of the AR intervention in the ITT. We conclude that exposure to AR in those with low intentions may be required to increase FOBT uptake. Current controlled trials: www.controlledtrials. com number: ISRCTN74986452